The sun is the star closest to Earth and the center of the solar system. The sun is a medium-sized star in an outer arm of the Milky Way galaxy. Seen from Earth, the sun is by far the brightest object in the sky; therefore, the sun determines the usual distinction between day and night. The sun is responsible for the vast majority of heat in Earth's atmosphere and is the main source of energy for life on Earth.
The sun is classified as a dwarf star (yellow dwarf). The sun developed about 4.6 billion years ago and is now midway through the main sequence. The sun is composed of very hot plasma. It contains over 99% of the solar system's matter, mostly hydrogen and helium. The inner part of the sun is so hot and dense that nuclear fusion takes place: every second, about 600 million tons of hydrogen are converted into helium. Most of the energy formed in the process is emitted in the form of radiation, including visible light. The surface of the sun shows a varying number of sunspots, which are caused by local magnetic fields that inhibit convection.
In a few billion years, the sun will enter its next phase of development. The hydrogen within the solar core will run out, causing the core to collapse under its own weight. The sun will then increase in heat and size (red giant), swallowing Venus and Mercury and making Earth uninhabitable in the process. At the end of its life cycle, the sun will release its outer layers (planetary nebula phase) and transform into a white dwar
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